Langer's lines, Langer lines of skin tension, or sometimes called cleavage lines, are Topological map drawn on a map of the human body. They are parallel to the natural orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis, and generally parallel to the underlying muscle fibers. Langer's lines have relevance to forensic science and the development of surgical techniques.
History
The lines were first discovered in 1861 by
anatomist Karl Langer (1819–1887),
[Karl Langer, "Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Haut. Über die Spaltbarkeit der Cutis". Sitzungsbericht der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Wiener Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften Abt. 44 (1861)] though he cited the surgeon
Baron Dupuytren as being the first to recognise the phenomenon. Langer punctured numerous holes at short distances from each other into the skin of a
cadaver with a tool that had a circular-shaped tip, similar to an
ice pick. He noticed that the resultant punctures in the skin had
ellipsoidal shapes. From this testing he observed patterns and was able to determine "line directions" by the longer axes of the ellipsoidal holes and lines.
Application
Knowing the direction of Langer's lines within a specific area of the skin is important for
surgery operations, particularly
cosmetic surgery. If a surgeon has a choice about where and in what direction to place an incision, they may choose to cut in the direction of Langer's lines. Incisions made parallel to Langer's lines may heal better and produce less scarring than those that cut across. Conversely, incisions perpendicular to Langer's lines have a tendency to pucker and remain obvious, although sometimes this is unavoidable. The orientation of
relative to Langer's lines can have a considerable impact upon the presentation of the wound.
Langer's lines include breast static tension lines, which mark a guide for breast surgery incisions.
are more common when incision is given across Langer's lines. Sometimes the exact direction of the collagen fibers are unknown, because in some regions of the body there are differences between different individuals. Also, the lines described by Kraissl differ in some ways from Langer's lines, particularly on the face.
Alternatives
Other authors have created topological skin maps. Kraissl's lines differ from Langer's lines in that while Langer's lines were defined in cadavers,
Kraissl's lines have been defined in living individuals. Also, the method used to identify Kraissl's lines is not traumatic.
See also
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Blaschko's lines
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Dermatology
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Forensic pathology
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Morphology (biology)
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Phenotype
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Phenotypic plasticity
